Abstract
Background
Sleep deprivation is common in shift work occupations, including safety-sensitive
occupations. While extending sleep prior to scheduled shifts (i.e., “banking sleep”)
may be an intuitive strategy for fatigue mitigation, the evidence behind this strategy
is unclear.
Methods
We performed a systematic review of literature retrieved in searches of four databases.
We examined agreement between two independent screeners, abstracted key findings,
reviewed and synthesized findings, and evaluated the quality of evidence using the
Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology.
The Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool was used to evaluate bias of individual
studies. We reported findings as prescribed by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic
Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement.
Results
Of the 3007 records screened, five met inclusion criteria. The inter-rater agreement
for inclusion/exclusion was high (κ = 0.87). One study addressed patient safety outcomes.
Four studies assessed the impact of banking sleep on performance, five assessed measures
of acute fatigue, and three evaluated banking sleep on indicators of health. All five
studies presented a very serious risk of bias and the quality of evidence was very
low. Given these caveats, the findings, in aggregate, support banking sleep as a strategy
to improve indicators of performance and acute fatigue.
Conclusions
This systematic review identifies gaps in research of shift workers on the efficacy
of banking sleep as a fatigue risk management strategy. The available evidence supports
banking sleep prior to shiftwork as a strategy for improved patient safety, performance,
and reducing acute fatigue.
Keywords
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Sleep Health: Journal of the National Sleep FoundationAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Monographs on The Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Painting, Firefighting, and Shift work.International Association for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 2010
- Carcinogenicity of shift-work, painting, and fire-fighting.Lancet Oncol. 2007; 8: 1065-1066
National Sleep Foundation. What is Shift Work? 2018; https://sleepfoundation.org/shift-work/content/what-shift-work. National Sleep Foundation. Last Updated: Accessed July 25, 2018.
- Shift work, sleep, and sleepiness – differences beween shift schedules and systems.Scand J Work Environ Health. 2010; 36: 121-133
- A time to work: recent trends in shift work and flexible schedules.Division of Labor Statistics, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C.2007
- Negative impacts of shiftwork and long work hours.Rehabil Nurs. 2014; 39: 16-25
- The link between fatigue and safety.Accid Anal Prev. 2011; 43: 498-515
- Trainees' attitudes to shift work depend on grade and specialty.BMJ. 2003; 326: 48
- Normal Human Sleep: An Overview.in: Kryger M.H. Roth T. Dement W.C. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. Fifth Ed. Elsevier Saunders, St. Louis, MO2011: 16-26
- Daily sleep, weekly working hours, and risk of work-related injury: US National Health Interview Survey (2004-2008).Chronobiol Int. 2010; 27: 1013-1030
- Unhealthy sleep-related behaviors--12 states, 2009.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011; 60: 233-238
- Sleep-related problems in the US working population: prevalence and association with shiftwork status.Occup Environ Med. 2017; 74: 93-104
- A single night of partial sleep deprivation induces insulin resistance in multiple metabolic pathways in healthy subjects.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010; 95: 2963-2968
- Night time blood pressure dip.World J Cardiol. 2015; 7: 373-376
- Relationship between shift work and onset of hypertension in a cohort of manual workers.Scand J Work Environ Health. 1999; 25: 100-104
- A longitudinal study on the relationship between shift work and the progression of hypertension in male Japanese workers.J Hypertens. 2005; 23: 2173-2178
- Bargaining and trust: the effects of 36-h total sleep deprivation on socially interactive decisions.J Sleep Res. 2010; 19 (Pt 1): 54-63
- Fatigue, alcohol and performance impairment.Nature. 1997; 388: 235
- Fatigue risk management in high-risk environments: a call to action.Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018; 22: 1-2
- Caffeine for the prevention of injuries and errors in shift workers.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 May; 12CD008508
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of caffeine in fatigued shift workers: implications for emergency medical services personnel.Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018; 22: 37-46
- Effects of napping during work on sleepiness and performance in emergency medical services personnel and similar shift workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018; 22: 47-57
- Banking sleep: realization of benefits during subsequent sleep restriction and recovery.Sleep. 2009; 32: 311-321
- Sleep extension: getting as much extra sleep as possible.Clin Sports Med. 2005; 24: 251-268
- The effects of sleep extension on the athletic performance of collegiate basketball players.Sleep. 2011; 34: 943-950
- Sleep extension versus nap or coffee, within the context of 'sleep debt.J Sleep Res. 2008; 17: 432-436
- The effects of sleep extension on sleep and cognitive performance in adolescents with chronic sleep reduction: an experimental study.Sleep Med. 2013; 14: 510-517
- The impact of extended sleep on daytime alertness, vigilance, and mood.Sleep Med. 2004; 5: 441-448
- Sleep extension is a feasible lifestyle intervention in free-living adults who are habitually short sleepers: a potential strategy for decreasing intake of free sugars? A randomized controlled pilot study.Am J Clin Nutr. 2018; 107: 43-53
- Negative effects of time in bed extension: a pilot study.J Sleep Med Disord. 2014; 1: 1002
- Estimating individual optimal sleep duration and potential sleep debt.Sci Rep. 2016; 635812
- Banking sleep and biological sleep need.Sleep. 2015; 38: 1843-1845
- EMS Provider Wellness.in: Cone D.C. Brice J.H. Delbridge T.R. Myers J.B. Emergency Medical Services: Clinical Practice adn Systems Oversight. 2. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Chichester, West Sussex2015: 211-216
- Recovery between work shifts among emergency medical services clinicians.Prehosp Emerg Care. 2015; 19: 365-375
- The prevalence of sleep problems in emergency medical technicians.Sleep Breath. 2012; 16: 149-162
- Sleep quality and fatigue among prehospital providers.Prehosp Emerg Care. 2010; 14: 187-193
- Association between poor sleep, fatigue, and safety outcomes in emergency medical services providers.Prehosp Emerg Care. 2012; 16: 86-97
- Emergency healthcare worker sleep, fatigue, and alertness behavior survey (SFAB): development and content validation of a survey tool.Accid Anal Prev. 2014; 73: 399-411
Mears G, Armstrong B, Fernandez AR, et al. National EMS Assessment 2011; https://www.ems.gov/pdf/2011/National_EMS_Assessment_Final_Draft_12202011.pdf. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Washington, DC. Last Updated: Accessed March 20, 2018.
- Sleep debt and outside employment patterns in helicopter air medical staff working 24-hour shifts.Air Med J. 2007; 26: 45-49
- Safety fears rise with city's use of overtime.Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, December 19, 2012 ([City & Region Section, Pittsburgh, PA])
- GRADE guidelines: 2. Framing the question and deciding on important outcomes.J Clin Epidemiol. 2011; 64: 395-400
- Posing the research question: not so simple.Can J Anaesth. 2009; 56: 71-79
- Systematic review methodology for the fatigue in Emergency Medical Services Project.Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018; 22: 9-16
- Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement.J Clin Epidemiol. 2009; 62: 1006-1012
- The Cochrane Collaboration.Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, 2011 (Version 5.1.0 - Updated March 2011)
- GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction-GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables.J Clin Epidemiol. 2011; 64: 383-394
- GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations.BMJ. 2008; 336: 924-926
- The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data.Biometrics. 1977; 33: 159-174
- Evidence-based guidelines for fatigue risk management in EMS: formulating research questions and selecting outcomes.Prehosp Emerg Care. 2017; 21: 149-156
- How to interpret the results of a sleep study.J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2014; 424983
- Multiple sleep latency test and maintenance of wakefulness test.Chest. 2008; 134: 854-861
- Nocturnal determinants of daytime sleepiness.Sleep. 1982; 5: S73-S81
- The effect of restricting residents' duty hours on patient safety, resident well-being, and resident education: an updated systematic review.J Grad Med Educ. 2015; 7: 349-363
- Evidence-based guidelines for fatigue risk management in Emergency Medical Services.Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018; 22: 89-101
- GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence.J Clin Epidemiol. 2011; 64: 401-406
- GRADE guidelines: 4. Rating the quality of evidence--study limitations (risk of bias).J Clin Epidemiol. 2011; 64: 407-415
- GRADE guidelines: 5. Rating the quality of evidence--publication bias.J Clin Epidemiol. 2011; 64: 1277-1282
- GRADE guidelines 6. Rating the quality of evidence--imprecision.J Clin Epidemiol. 2011; 64: 1283-1293
- GRADE guidelines: 7. Rating the quality of evidence--inconsistency.J Clin Epidemiol. 2011; 64: 1294-1302
- GRADE guidelines: 8. Rating the quality of evidence--indirectness.J Clin Epidemiol. 2011; 64: 1303-1310
- GRADE guidelines: 9. Rating up the quality of evidence.J Clin Epidemiol. 2011; 64: 1311-1316
- GRADE guidelines: 11. Making an overall rating of confidence in effect estimates for a single outcome and for all outcomes.J Clin Epidemiol. 2013; 66: 151-157
- Weekend sleep intervention for workers with habitually short sleep periods.Scand J Work Environ Health. 2011; 37: 418-426
- A phase-advanced, extended sleep paradigm to increase sleep duration among early-morning shift workers: a preliminary investigation.Scand J Work Environ Health. 2011; 37: 62-69
- Evaluation of PICO as a knowledge representation for clinical questions.AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2006; : 359-363
- A large-scale analysis of the reasons given for excluding articles that are retrieved by literature search during systematic review.AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2013; ([eCollection 2013]): 379-387
- Benefits of sleep extension on sustained attention and sleep pressure before and during Total sleep deprivation and recovery.Sleep. 2015; 38: 1935-1943
- Effect of sleep extension on the subsequent testosterone, cortisol and prolactin responses to Total sleep deprivation and recovery.J Neuroendocrinol. 2016; 2812346
- Simulation study of rested versus sleep-deprived anesthesiologists.Anesthesiology. 2003; 98: 1345-1355
- Factor structure of the profile of mood states (POMS): two partial replications.J Clin Psychol. 1984; 40: 1270-1277
- Circulating prolactin concentrations and risk of type 2 diabetes in US women.Diabetologia. 2018 Dec; 61: 2549-2560
- Daytime decrease of prolactin levels is associated with PCOS regardless to nutritional status and other hormones levels.Gynecol Endocrinol. 2017; 33: 336-341
- The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation.Sleep. 2003; 26: 117-126
- Sleep extension improves serving accuracy: a study with college varsity tennis players.Physiol Behav. 2015; 151: 541-544
- Melatonin advances the circadian timing of EEG sleep and directly facilitates sleep without altering its duration in extended sleep opportunities in humans.J Physiol. 2004; 561 (Pt 1): 339-351
- The risks and implications of excessive daytime sleepiness in resident physicians.Acad Med. 2002; 77: 1019-1025
- Shorter versus longer shift duration to mitigate fatigue and fatigue related risks in emergency medical services: a systematic review.Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018; 22: 28-36
- Effect of fatigue training on safety, fatigue, and sleep in emergency medical services personnel and other shift workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018; 22: 58-68
- Need for recovery from work in relation to age: a prospective cohort study.Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2010; 83: 553-561
- Work-related fatigue and recovery: the contribution of age, domestic responsibilities and shiftwork.J Adv Nurs. 2006; 56: 438-449
- Temporal placement of a nap for alertness: contributions of circadian phase and prior wakefulness.Sleep. 1987; 10: 313-329
- Effects of napping on sleepiness and sleep-related performance deficits in night-shift workers: a systematic review.Biol Res Nurs. 2014; 16: 134-142
- Reliability and validity of survey instruments to measure work-related fatigue in the emergency medical services setting: a systematic review.Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018; 22: 17-27
- Does implementation of biomathematical models mitigate fatigue and fatigue related risks in emergency medical services operations? A systematic review.Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018; 22: 69-80
- Effect of task load interventions on fatigue in emergency medical services personnel and other shift workers: a systematic review.Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018; 22: 81-88
- Sleep duration and mortality - Does weekend sleep matter?.J Sleep Res. 2019 Feb; 28e12712
- Systematic review data extraction: cross-sectional study showed that experience did not increase accuracy.J Clin Epidemiol. 2010; 63: 289-298
- Single data extraction generated more errors than double data extraction in systematic reviews.J Clin Epidemiol. 2006; 59: 697-703
- Interindividual variation in sleep duration and its association with sleep debt in young adults.Sleep. 2005; 28: 1253-1259
Article info
Publication history
Published online: April 26, 2019
Accepted:
March 1,
2019
Received in revised form:
February 21,
2019
Received:
June 6,
2018
Footnotes
☆Author Contribution: Authors PDP, CMG, JDG, SFA, and PMW contributed to the conception of the design of this work. Authors PDP, JDG, SFA, PMW, and RLT contributed to acquisition of study data. All authors contributed to the analysis, interpretation, drafting of the manuscript, and providing critically important intellectual content. All authors reviewed and approved the final version and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
☆☆Conflicts of Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest.
Identification
Copyright
© 2019 National Sleep Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
